[Mayotte, a malaria-free island at last?] / Mayotte, une île enfin exempte de paludisme?

Mayotte is a French overseas department and one of the 4 islands of the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean, located between Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa. Malaria, mainly by Plasmodium falciparum, is endemic to the archipelago and remained a major public health problem until recent years. To control and then eliminate the disease, major strategies have been established in Mayotte since 2001. Preventive measures, diagnostic testing, treatment and disease surveillance were introduced or improved.From 2002 to 2021, 4819 autochthonous cases were reported in Mayotte where the annual incidence decreased from 10.3 per 1,000 population in 2002 (1649 cases) to less than 0.01 per 1,000 population in 2020 (2 cases). The incidence has been below 1 per 1,000 population since 2009. In 2013, WHO classified Mayotte as a territory in malaria elimination phase. In 2021, no locally acquired malaria cases were reported on the island. During this period 2002-2021, 1898 imported cases were observed. They mainly came from the Union of Comoros (85.8%), Madagascar (8.6%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5,6%). Since 2017, the annual number of locally acquired cases was less than 10 and decreased steadily (9 cases in 2017, 5 in 2018, 4 in 2019 and 2 in 2020). The distribution of these rare locally acquired cases both in time and space suggests that they were introduced and not indigenous cases. A study of the genotypic profile of the plasmodial strains of these cases observed from 2017 to 2020 (17 cases analysed out of 20 diagnosed) confirms that these were certainly introduced cases related to imported cases from the neighboring Comoros.Malaria indigenous transmission seems to be eliminated in Mayotte, but the island remains under threat of reintroduction via cases imported from neighbouring countries. It is time to develop a local plan to prevent reintroduction and to implement a proactive policy of regional cooperation in the fight against malaria.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES TOWARD MALARIA AND ANTIMALARIAL MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION AMONG HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN VILLAGES ON GRANDE COMORE ISLAND, THE COMOROS.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys on malaria and antimalarial mass drug administration (MDA) have not received much attention in the Union of the Comoros. This study is a household-based cross-sectional survey using a multi-stage sampling technique aiming at investigating KAP toward malaria and antimalarial MDA with artemisinin-piperaquine among heads of households on Grande Comore Island, the largest island of the Comoros. A predefined structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics and questions about malaria and antimalarial MDA was administered to 1,368 randomly selected heads of households from 10 malaria-endemic villages on Grande Comore Island. The results showed that 81.4% of the heads of households knew that malaria is a transmissible disease, 77.6% recognized mosquitoes as the vectors of malaria, and 70.8% recognized fever as one of the frequent symptoms of malaria; 40.8% of respondents remembered the name of the antimalarial drug used for MDA, and 62.1% remembered the color of the antimalarial tablets; and 65.1% chose to go to a public health center to seek treatment as their first option within 24 hr of the onset of initial malaria symptoms. This study found that most heads of households had a reasonable level of knowledge about malaria and antimalarial MDA. However, only 7.3% obtained full points on all knowledge-related questions. Misconceptions about malaria cause, transmission, diagnostic method, and antimalarial MDA exist in the community of Grande Comore Island. As the Comoros continues to put great efforts to go toward malaria elimination, the community's KAP on malaria and antimalarial MDA is crucial to guarantee the community's long-term adherence to malaria elimination interventions and could become key to guaranteeing malarial elimination in the Comoros. Therefore, there is a great need to improve malaria prevention awareness through strengthening malaria education and promoting behavioral change. Heads of households should be the core target of malaria education and behavioral change for malaria elimination.

Long lasting anti-IgG chikungunya seropositivity in the Mayotte population will not be enough to prevent future outbreaks: A seroprevalence study, 2019.

Chikungunya is an arboviral disease causing arthralgia which may develop into a debilitating chronic arthritis. In Mayotte, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean, a chikungunya outbreak was reported in 2006, affecting a third of the population. We aimed at assessing the chikungunya seroprevalence in this population, after over a decade from that epidemic. A multi-stage cross sectional household-based study exploring socio-demographic factors, and knowledge and attitude towards mosquito-borne disease prevention was carried out in 2019. Blood samples from participants aged 15-69 years were taken for chikungunya IgG serological testing. We analyzed associations between chikungunya serological status and selected factors using Poisson regression models, and estimated weighted and adjusted prevalence ratios (w/a PR). The weighted seroprevalence of chikungunya was 34.75% (n = 2853). Seropositivity for IgG anti-chikungunya virus was found associated with living in Mamoudzou (w/a PR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.21-1.83) and North (w/a PR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.08-1.84) sectors, being born in the Comoros islands (w/a PR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.03-1.61), being a student or unpaid trainee (w/a PR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.01-1.81), living in precarious housing (w/a PR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.02-1.67), accessing water streams for bathing (w/a PR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.1-2.7) and knowing that malaria is a mosquito-borne disease (w/a PR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.21-1.83). Seropositivity was found inversely associated with high education level (w/a PR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.29-0.86) and living in households with access to running water and toilets (w/a PR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.51-0.80) (n = 1438). Our results indicate a long-lasting immunity from chikungunya exposure. However, the current population seroprevalence is not enough to protect from future outbreaks. Individuals naïve to chikungunya and living in precarious socio-economic conditions are likely to be at high risk of infection in future outbreaks. To prevent and prepare for future chikungunya epidemics, it is essential to address socio-economic inequalities as a priority, and to strengthen chikungunya surveillance in Mayotte.

Epidemiology of tuberculosis and susceptibility to antituberculosis drugs in Reunion Island.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the first fatal infectious agent in the world with 1.2 million annual deaths for 10 million cases. Little is known about the epidemiology of tuberculosis and its resistance in Reunion Island, which is at the heart of migratory flows from highly endemic Indian Ocean territories. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective observational study of cases of tuberculosis disease in Reunion Island between 2014 and 2018. The epidemiological, demographic, microbiological, clinical and social characteristics were analyzed from mandatory declarations, microbiology database and medical files. RESULTS: 265 cases of tuberculosis disease were recorded over the period, ie an incidence of 6.2 / 100,000 inhabitants. 114 patients (43%) were born or resided > 6 months in the rest of the Indian Ocean area. The risk of infection was increased if birth in Madagascar (OR 23.5), Comoros (OR 8.9) or Mayotte (OR 6.8). The prevalence of HIV co-infection was low (2.5%). There were 31 cases (14.4%) of resistance to antituberculosis including 3 (1.4%) of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and 0 case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. The female gender (61.3% of resistant) was associated with resistance. The resistance rate was not significantly different depending on the geographic origin. CONCLUSION: This is the first exhaustive epidemiological study of tuberculosis in Reunion Island. The incidence there is relatively low but increased for people with links to neighboring islands, particularly Madagascar. The prevalence of multidrug resistance is low, with no associated increased risk for patients from the Indian Ocean area.

Epidemiological profile of COVID-19 in the French overseas department Mayotte, 2020 to 2021.

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, national and local measures were implemented on the island of Mayotte, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean with critical socioeconomic and health indicators.AimWe aimed to describe the COVID-19 outbreak in Mayotte from March 2020 to March 2021, with two waves from 9 March to 31 December 2020 and from 1 January to 14 March 2021, linked to Beta (20H/501Y.V2) variant.MethodsTo understand and assess the dynamic and the severity of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mayotte, surveillance and investigation/contact tracing systems were set up including virological, epidemiological, hospitalisation and mortality indicators.ResultsIn total, 18,131 cases were laboratory confirmed, with PCR or RAT. During the first wave, incidence rate (IR) peaked in week 19 2020 (133/100,000). New hospitalisations peaked in week 20 (54 patients, including seven to ICU). Testing rate increased tenfold during the second wave. Between mid-December 2020 and mid-January 2021, IR doubled (851/100,000 in week 5 2021) and positivity rate tripled (28% in week 6 2021). SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant (Pangolin B.1.351) was detected in more than 80% of positive samples. Hospital admissions peaked in week 6 2021 with 225 patients, including 30 to ICU.ConclusionThis massive second wave could be linked to the high transmissibility of the Beta variant. The increase in the number of cases has naturally led to a higher number of severe cases and an overburdening of the hospital. This study shows the value of a real-time epidemiological surveillance for better understanding crisis situations.

Tobacco Use among School-Going Adolescents in Comoros: A Secondary Analysis of the 2015 Comoros Global Youth Tobacco Survey.

Background: Tobacco use among adolescents has long-term adverse health consequences, especially during adulthood. Currently, little is known about tobacco use behaviour among adolescents in Comoros. Our study aims at estimating the prevalence and identifying key factors associated with tobacco use among adolescents in Comoros using the 2015 Comoros Global Youth Tobacco Survey data. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey secondary data of 2,810 eligible school-going adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years was analysed. Complex sample logistic regression analyses were used to determine the correlates of current cigarette smoking and current use of noncigarette tobacco products. Results: The overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 14.3% [males (18.5%) and females (9.9%)]. The prevalence of current use of noncigarette tobacco products was 5.8% [males (6.7%) and females (4.9%)]. Being male (AOR = 2.24; 95% CI:1.39-3.63), exposure to secondhand smoke inside (AOR =3.88; 95% CI:2.84-5.31) and outside (AOR =1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.03) their home, and exposure to tobacco industry promotion (AOR =2.90; 95% CI:2.21-3.80) were associated with current cigarette use among school-going adolescents. However, parental smoke (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI:0.78-1.87) and not exposed to antismoking education in schools (AOR = 0.97; 95% CI:0.76-1.22) were not associated with current cigarette use. On the other hand, being male (AOR = 1.24; 95% CI:0.82-1.86) was not associated with the current use of noncigarette tobacco products. Adolescents who were exposed to tobacco industry promotion (AOR = .2.58; 95% CI:1.54-4.32) and not exposed to antismoking education in school (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI:0.32-0.85) were more and less likely associated with noncigarette tobacco use. Conclusion: One in seven school-going adolescents smokes cigarettes, and approximately one in 20 school-going adolescents uses noncigarette tobacco products in Comoros. Exposure to secondhand smoke within and outside the home and exposure to tobacco industry promotion were associated with tobacco use in school-going adolescents in Comoros. Our findings suggest the need for adolescent-friendly gender-sensitive tobacco interventions, including strengthening existing tobacco control laws to prevent and reduce tobacco use among school-going adolescents in Comoros.

Health, illness and cancer in Mayotte: Multicultural experiences in a medically underserved French Territory.

The island of Mayotte is part of the French territory and one of the European Union's Outermost Regions but there is a significant lack of data and research on health and cancers in Mayotte. This article reviews the literature on health, disease and cancer in Mayotte, from the perspectives of social science and epidemiology. It starts by shedding light on the specificities of Mahoran demography and society, and shows the healthcare infrastructure is insufficient to meet the population's needs. It then reviews social science studies on health and illness in Mayotte and shows that the political issue of migration permeates the management and the experiences of health on the island. It ends with a focus on the epidemiology of cervical cancer and a review of the available data on screening, treatment and prevention. The article concludes with a quick review of ongoing research and urgently calls for more data and research on this critical public health issue.

Introduction of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant from Comoros into the Marseille geographical area.

BACKGROUND: We describe the epidemiology of the first cases diagnosed in our institute of infections with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant and how this variant was imported to Marseille. METHODS: The Beta variant was identified based on analyses of sequences of viral genomes or of a spike gene fragment obtained by next-generation sequencing using Illumina technology, or by a real-time reverse-transcription-PCR (qPCR) specific of the Beta variant. RESULTS: The first patient diagnosed as infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant was sampled on January 15, 2021. Twenty-nine patients were diagnosed in January 2021 (two weeks). Fifteen (52%) patients were of Comorian nationality. Eight (28%) had travelled abroad, including six who had returned from Comoros. Phylogeny based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 11 of these patients and their best BLAST hits from the GISAID database showed that seven patients, including the four returning from Comoros, were clustered with 27 other genomes from GISAID that included the six first Beta variant genomes described in Comoros in January 2021. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses highlight that, as for the case of other SARS-CoV-2 variants that have been diagnosed in Marseille, the Beta variant was imported to Marseille through travel from abroad. It had limited spread in our geographical area.

[The oncology residency program in French overseas]. / L'internat d'oncologie en outre-mer français.

Once his specialty has been chosen, and according to his ranking, the new resident in oncology decides on the subdivision in which he wishes to be among the 28 existing subdivisions. Two concern overseas departments and territories: the Antilles-Guyana subdivision and the Indian Ocean subdivision. The oncology residency has its own particularities because of the demographic characteristics and epidemiology of cancers in these areas, but also because of a particular organization of care and university teaching. The training of residents in these subdivisions is little known. Over the past ten years, most of the residents have been trained in oncology-radiotherapy in these subdivisions and some of them in medical oncology. The residency program is however experiencing a revival in terms of university education in parallel with the development of technical and human equipment in the centres of these regions. This article details the training of residents in oncology in French overseas territories by contextualizing it with epidemiological data and the characteristics of the oncology care offer in these territories.

Minimally invasive sampling to identify leprosy patients with a high bacterial burden in the Union of the Comoros.

The World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed diagnosis of leprosy (also known as Hansen's disease) entirely based on clinical cardinal signs, without microbiological confirmation, which may lead to late or misdiagnosis. The use of slit skin smears is variable, but lacks sensitivity. In 2017-2018 during the ComLep study, on the island of Anjouan (Union of the Comoros; High priority country according to WHO, 310 patients were diagnosed with leprosy (paucibacillary = 159; multibacillary = 151), of whom 263 were sampled for a skin biopsy and fingerstick blood, and 260 for a minimally-invasive nasal swab. In 74.5% of all skin biopsies and in 15.4% of all nasal swabs, M. leprae DNA was detected. In 63.1% of fingerstick blood samples, M. leprae specific antibodies were detected with the quantitative αPGL-I test. Results show a strong correlation of αPGL-I IgM levels in fingerstick blood and RLEP-qPCR positivity of nasal swabs, with the M. leprae bacterial load measured by RLEP-qPCR of skin biopsies. Patients with a high bacterial load (≥50,000 bacilli in a skin biopsy) can be identified with combination of counting lesions and the αPGL-I test. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compared αPGL-I IgM levels in fingerstick blood with the bacterial load determined by RLEP-qPCR in skin biopsies of leprosy patients. The demonstrated potential of minimally invasive sampling such as fingerstick blood samples to identify high bacterial load persons likely to be accountable for the ongoing transmission, merits further evaluation in follow-up studies.

Modelling the persistence and control of Rift Valley fever virus in a spatially heterogeneous landscape.

The persistence mechanisms of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic arboviral haemorrhagic fever, at both local and broader geographical scales have yet to be fully understood and rigorously quantified. We developed a mathematical metapopulation model describing RVF virus transmission in livestock across the four islands of the Comoros archipelago, accounting for island-specific environments and inter-island animal movements. By fitting our model in a Bayesian framework to 2004-2015 surveillance data, we estimated the importance of environmental drivers and animal movements on disease persistence, and tested the impact of different control scenarios on reducing disease burden throughout the archipelago. Here we report that (i) the archipelago network was able to sustain viral transmission in the absence of explicit disease introduction events after early 2007, (ii) repeated outbreaks during 2004-2020 may have gone under-detected by local surveillance, and (iii) co-ordinated within-island control measures are more effective than between-island animal movement restrictions.

Molecular and epidemiological investigation of a colistin-resistant OXA-23-/NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in the Southwest Indian Ocean Area.

Dual resistance to colistin and carbapenems is a milestone reached by certain extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria. This study describes the first outbreak of XDR colistin- and carbapenem-resistant OXA-23-/NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii (CCRAB) in the European overseas territory of Reunion Island (France, Indian Ocean). Between April 2019 and June 2020, 13 patients admitted to the University Hospital of Reunion Island were involved in the outbreak, of whom eight were infected and six died. The first case was traced to a medical evacuation from Mayotte Island (Comoros archipelago). An epidemiological link could be established for 11 patients. All of the collected CCRAB isolates showed the same resistance profile and co-produced intrinsic ß-lactamases OXA-69 and ADC-191, together with acquired carbapenem-hydrolysing ß-lactamases OXA-23 and NDM-1. A mutation likely involved in colistin resistance was detected in the two-component system PmrAB (D82N in PmrA). All of the isolates were found to belong to STPas1/STOx231 clonal complex and were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Their further characterization by whole-genome sequence analyses (whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing, single nucleotide polymorphisms) provided hints about the transmission pathways. This study pleads for strict application of control and prevention measures in institutions where the risk of imported XDR bacteria is high.

A prospective study evaluating congenital CMV infection in Mayotte and La Reunion Islands (France).

OBJECTIVES Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) affects around 3400 newborns each year in France, of whom 700 will develop sequelae, primarily sensorineural hearing loss. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate incidence of cCMV in two French departments located in the Indian Ocean: Mayotte and La Reunion, and (2) evaluate interest and feasibility/acceptability of universal screening of cCMV at birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS We implemented a universal neonatal CMV screening in Mayotte during 7 months in 2019 and in La Reunion during one month in March 2020. Saliva swabs were collected in the first three days of life, and tested for CMV DNA by PCR. A short survey allowed evaluating whether this screening is acceptable and feasible. RESULTS: A total of 1026 newborns were screened: 854 in Mayotte and 172 in La Reunion. In Mayotte, cCMV incidence was evaluated at a minimum of 1.6 % (95 % CI 0.94-2.81). In La Reunion, cCMV incidence was evaluated at a minimum of 1.2 % (95 % CI -0.20-4.57). All cCMV infants were born to mothers with non-primary CMV infection. Only 0.7 % parents refused the screening. CONCLUSIONS cCMV incidence in Mayotte and La Reunion is higher than in metropolitan France. This diagnosis should not be overlooked, especially since the time dedicated to screening and its feeling by the parents seem to be acceptable.

The role of livestock movements in the spread of Rift Valley fever virus in animals and humans in Mayotte, 2018-19.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of major animal and public health importance. In 2018-19, it caused an epidemic in both livestock and human populations of the island of Mayotte. Using Bayesian modelling approaches, we assessed the spatio-temporal pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in livestock and human populations across the island, and factors shaping it. First, we assessed if (i) livestock movements, (ii) spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, and (iii) livestock density were associated with the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into Mayotte communes' livestock populations. Second, we assessed whether the rate of human infection was associated with (a) spatial proximity from and (b) livestock density of communes with infected animals. Our analyses showed that the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into communes' livestock populations was associated with livestock movements and spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with livestock movements being associated with the best model fit. Moreover, the pattern of human cases was associated with their spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with the risk of human infection sharply increasing if livestock in the same or close communes were infected. This study highlights the importance of understanding livestock movement networks in informing the design of risk-based RVF surveillance programs.

Fungemia in the French department of Mayotte, Indian Ocean: A 10 years survey.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at providing original data on fungemia in the Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte in terms of prevalence, epidemiological characteristics of infected patients, yeast species distribution and profile of in vitro antifungals susceptibility. METHODS: A total of 223 positive blood cultures for yeasts were retrospectively reported during the period April 2010-April 2020. RESULTS: Ninety-five episodes were identified corresponding to an incidence rate of 3.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The average age of patients was 33.5 years, and 63.3% patients were hospitalized in intensive care unit. The main co-morbidities were surgery in the 30 days prior to fungemia (27.8%), neoplasia (22.8%), parenteral nutrition (17.7%), diabetes (16.5%) and immunosuppressive medications (31.6%). Candida spp accounted for the majority of isolates (92.4%) with a predominance of non-albicans species (55.8% vs 33.7%), including C. albicans (33.7%), C. tropicalis (30.5%) and C. parapsilosis (20%). The antifungal susceptibility profiles did not differ from expected results for each species and did not change significantly over time. DISCUSSION: Fungemia remain frequent hospital infections associated with high mortality in Mayotte. The vast majority of fungemia was due to Candida spp. Non-albicansCandida species reach half of the Candida isolates with a high percentage of C. tropicalis. Surprisingly, no case of candidemia due to C. glabrata were identified. The management of candidemia remains satisfactory and the treatment was adapted according to the international recommendations. However, the high susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole may invite to reconsider the use of this molecule as empirical and first-line treatment of candidemia in Mayotte.

The vaccination coverage in dispensaries on Mayotte Island is lacking for natives and migrants alike.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the vaccination coverage rate in Mayotte dispensaries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective study in three dispensaries from June to July 2019. RESULTS: Of the 162 patients included, 78% (126/162) were natives of the island and 19% (30/162) were from the Comoros Islands. Twenty-three percent (37/162) were up-to-date on their mandatory vaccinations, 45% (73/162) were not and 32% (52/162) had unknown vaccination status. There was no difference in relation to their origin. Some vaccinations were strictly followed (MMR, Hepatitis B…) others were not (HiB, meningitides…). The vaccination coverage rate and its traceability are altogether lacking whatever the age or origin of patients. Efforts must be made in order to increase the vaccination coverage rate among people who, from our experience, do not oppose vaccination in any way.

Case Report: Six New Cases of Melioidosis in the Indian Ocean Region: Comoros, Madagascar, Reunion Island.

Melioidosis is an emerging disease caused by the environmental Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis has been reported to be endemic mainly in northern Australia and Southeast Asia. Here, we report the first two cases of melioidosis on the Comorian island of Mayotte. We also describe four cases that occurred over a short period of time in patients who had traveled between Mayotte, Madagascar, and Reunion Island.

Estimation of Rift Valley fever virus spillover to humans during the Mayotte 2018-2019 epidemic.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, zoonotic, arboviral hemorrhagic fever threatening livestock and humans mainly in Africa. RVF is of global concern, having expanded its geographical range over the last decades. The impact of control measures on epidemic dynamics using empirical data has not been assessed. Here, we fitted a mathematical model to seroprevalence livestock and human RVF case data from the 2018-2019 epidemic in Mayotte to estimate viral transmission among livestock, and spillover from livestock to humans through both direct contact and vector-mediated routes. Model simulations were used to assess the impact of vaccination on reducing the epidemic size. The rate of spillover by direct contact was about twice as high as vector transmission. Assuming 30% of the population were farmers, each transmission route contributed to 45% and 55% of the number of human infections, respectively. Reactive vaccination immunizing 20% of the livestock population reduced the number of human cases by 30%. Vaccinating 1 mo later required using 50% more vaccine doses for a similar reduction. Vaccinating only farmers required 10 times as more vaccine doses for a similar reduction in human cases. Finally, with 52.0% (95% credible interval [CrI] [42.9-59.4]) of livestock immune at the end of the epidemic wave, viral reemergence in the next rainy season (2019-2020) is unlikely. Coordinated human and animal health surveillance, and timely livestock vaccination appear to be key to controlling RVF in this setting. We furthermore demonstrate the value of a One Health quantitative approach to surveillance and control of zoonotic infectious diseases.

[Nutrition transition, prevalence of double burden of malnutrition and cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population living in the island of Anjouan, Comoros]. / Transition nutritionnelle, prévalence de la double charge de la malnutrition et facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires chez les adultes de l'île comorienne d'Anjouan.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity has been increasing at an alarming rate, in particular in the developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of underweight and overweight and to assess the relationship between body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors in adults living in the island of Anjouan. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving a sample of 902 individuals aged 25 to 64 years using the empirical survey based on "quota sampling". Nutritional status was determined by calculating the body mass index, the abdominal circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Blood pressure, abdominal circumference and hip circumference were measured during the interview while capillary fasting blood glucose was measured the next day. RESULTS: The results show an average age of 39.5 ± 11.67 years. The overall prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was 4.1%, 28.6% and 22.2% respectively. The risk factors associated with overweight/obesity were: advanced age (p= 0.004), gender (p=0.000), weight (p=0.000), diabetes (p= 0.006), hypertension (p= 0.01), abdominal obesity (p= 0.000), hip circumference (p=0.000), WHR (p=0.000), time of inactivity/day (p=0.001) and smoking (p< 0.05), in contrast to physical inactivity (p= 0.10). CONCLUSION: These results confirm the presence of a double burden of nutrition. Hence the urgency to implement preventive measures for noncommunicable diseases.